livelihood diversification in ethiopia

Income diversification patterns in rural sub-Saharan Africa: reassessing the evidence. 0000000972 00000 n FAO-ESA Working Paper, 2015: p. 15-02. Rural livelihoods diversification has generally occurred as a result of an increased importance of off-farm wage labor in household livelihood portfolio or through the development of new forms of on-farm/on-site production of non-conventional marketable commodities. 2016;29(2):183–90. 0000131433 00000 n The objective of the study was to analyse the determinants of livelihood diversification strategies among rural households in Eastern Tigray Region of Ethiopia. 2010. 0000130289 00000 n �\~޸���'�����h�z��*����(7����v&muɞ�?7��+Y�����P�Ƨ�`�1��z��1��i���Z�Ii�~���E[����N�7�z�e/��#-���e�i\�އ�+~�L�\c�~�xѸ;mf��kO��_S����ʻ�r����|����v���U�N���\��기 j>���ZMK�6V�o�N�&���}t[�����-�[*�#4�_!rW�����V��*a�:Uhu�DC�.�m��D�hC5�̤��_�;�B�n��.�]�yK�XW���� �fq���in��7��Yi�4r��s3�T�)�b����O.����/h�� SE�I��+��Ϟ����ۧ�c���8�~�Cv6���Pw�Vϳ����ߡ�����o�/ ��V{FD������p���������_;6d�O�V�!٪�1��I� �;��A���)��>�����V��ؾy1�d��$8�A9R�7����|�cU�3�AV�����|�� ��d�R���{λYq56��jʷQsu�P��jt�q�U6��D�Gpu��rUg}���a��.7 `xps�ލ���e�T�������M�V�N�Z�6��H\ѷvn�UU� J Dev Agric Econ. Retrouvez Gender and Livelihood Diversification in Rural Ethiopia: Women's Participation in Non-Farm Activity:The Case of Shebel Berenta Woreda, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia et des millions de livres en stock sur Amazon.fr. Multinomial logistic (MNL) regression analysis was estimated to analyse the determinants of livelihood diversification strategies among rural households analyse determinant factors for households to choose and adopt livelihood diversification strategies where the dependent variable has multiple outcomes [j = 1, …, 4, where a household choice is relying on j(1) = on-farm alone; j(2) = on-farm + off-farm; j(3) = on-farm + non-farm; j(4) = on-farm + off-farm + non-farm income-generating activities]. Terms and Conditions, (2019). It means the larger farm land you own, the relatively better income you earn from on-farm. The odds-ratio revealed that, if other factors remain constant, the likelihood of rural households to choose on-farm + non-farm and combination of on-farm + off-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategies decreases by a factor of 4.371 and 3.564, respectively as the livestock holding increases by one TLU. There are a lot of pushes and pull factors that affect rural livelihood … Against to prior expectation, livestock holding (LIVESTK) in tropical livestock unit (TLU) has negatively and statistically affected households’ participation in on-farm + off-farm livelihood diversification strategy at 5% level of significance. /Contents 64 0 R 61 0 obj However, rural household’s livelihood diversification is not unique and the factors determining farmers for choosing and adopting livelihood diversification strategies was not yet studied in the study district. Article  As expected, wealth (WEALTH) has positively and statistically affected households’ likelihood into on-farm + off-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategies at 10% level of significance. Diversification, climate risk and vulnerability to poverty: evidence from rural Malawi. 0000023891 00000 n Surveys and key informant interviews (KII) were sources of data. Agric Econ. endobj Participation in off-farm employment, rainfall patterns, and rate of time preferences: the case of Ethiopia. To this end, the two-limit Tobit econometric model was employed to analyse the nexus between livelihood diversification and farmland management. Livelihood diversification is a strategy that can boost farmers’ income and promote sustainable land management practices. The poor individuals and Chambers JK. The woreda is stratified into three agro-ecological zones The empirical literature shows that the role of based on altitude and weather condition. Achetez maintenant! >> A mixed research method of sequential transformative strategy was used. 62 0 obj Ethiopia (GoE), relevant World Bank Operational Policies and Procedures and the International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD) Social, Environment and Climate Assessment Procedures (SECAP). But Dega, and between 2000-2300 masl, wet WoinaDega; some of the studies so far … xref Administrative map of the study District (Saesietsaeda Emba). Food Policy, 26, pp 333-350 Food Policy, 26, pp 333-350 More like this 2013;5(12):482–9. Productive family size adds significantly to the share of total income received from farming by participating in different non-farm income diversification strategies. Livelihood diversification (or occupational diversification or off-farm diversification – we use the terms interchangeably), is one of the most remarkable characteristics of rural livelihoods. 1. Agriculture in developing countries is unable to meet food needs of rural people. However, identification of the factors that determine households’ choice of livelihood strategies of pastoralists has received little attention. <> 0000023683 00000 n For the poorest, who have the least capacity to effectively manage risk, diversification may be a response to constraints imposed upon them by increasing climate risk. Rural livelihood diversification is then defined as ‘the process by which households construct a diverse portfolio of activities and social support capabilities for survival and in order to improve their standard of living’ (see also Ellis, 1998; Ellis, forthcoming). The context of various risks implies that farm households livelihood diversification is primarily a risk management strategy; both risk adaptation in anticipation of shocks and coping after actual shocks. In converse, it aggravates the already unstable livelihood situation of the farmers. This study investi-gates the factors that determine the probability that a farm household participates in non-agricultural income diversification activities in Ethiopia. Despite some improvements in recent years, widespread poverty and food insecurity remain the main challenges in Ethiopia. 2000;51(2):289–302. Food Policy. Furthermore, results of the multinomial logistic regression model attested that households’ choice and adoption of livelihood diversification strategies were positively determined by the households’ level of education, access to credit, income, membership of cooperatives, remittance income, farmland, access to irrigation and access to credit, whereas age, dependency ratio, family size, access to extension services, distance to market, livestock ownership and agro-ecology were found to have negative relationship and significantly affecting households’ choice and adoption of livelihood diversification strategies. Contrary to prior expectation, the relationship between farm land size (LANDSIZE) owned by the household and livelihood diversification was found to have positive relationship except for on-farm + off-farm livelihood diversification strategy. Non-farm activities have the potential to help households reduce poverty by offering them with a form of insurance against the threats of farming and minimizing reliance on natural resources. A mixed research method of sequential transformative strategy was used. Education level has a positive and significant (p < 0.1, p < 0.01, and p < .01) relationship with households livelihood diversification into on-farm + off-farm, on-farm + non-farm and combination of on-farm + off-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategies, respectively. J Dev Stud. It is universally accepted the fact that agriculture sector is incapable of creating sufficient gainful employment, food security and spurring economic growth in rural areas of developing countries. Tourism, Livelihood Diversification and Food Security in Ethiopia (Thesis, Doctor of Philosophy). Farm households engage and pursue diverse non-farm livelihood activities to cope with diverse challenges and risks such as drought [4, 6, 7]. <> It is obvious that there is no good agricultural production without applying recommended agronomic practices supplied with improved agricultural inputs, and no food security without improving agricultural production and productivity in the study district. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Alobo Loison S. Rural livelihood diversification in sub-Saharan Africa: a literature review. In Ethiopia, ILRI works with national organizations to achieve the aims of the government’s Growth and Transformation Plan and the Ministry of Agriculture’s Agricultural Growth Program. In Ethiopia, empirical studies found that non-farm income accounts for as much as 40–45% of the average households income [9, 10]. Gebru GW, Beyene F. Rural household livelihood strategies in drought-prone areas: a case of Gulomekeda District, eastern zone of Tigray National Regional State, Ethiopia. (2019). Springer Nature. 2016;8(10):215–27. It aims to inform policy makers, donors, and development practitioners about the best strategies for protecting and promoting sustainable livelihoods in the region. Farmers also need to diversify due to their inability to specialize and to get sufficient income, and also the need to make self-insurance against drought. 8�b��@��D�^'�L��f �`���N��–Zɬm�1$�H`��!O� �l �8�ߨU�>��G�SiS��r�uv �������T��R���z�\16K�:6�*l^_���ʨ�7jY�֡p':��e2���G�v����$ -�Dz6k3x�-�肹?�|0Fc@+&���L��� ma� -�yf�a��訌��m�e�PUw�{:��T�Q�������������K�p�R1��i�ћ�M|CX �۬ �Ut���X�S���mbT.u)� ,�hv�H�I��J� "�g�+4�1��L�e_��1}�Brq̵_�V,}F�m�z�B��Vx>[-'Z��@�+�* �ɭ$K�� �;�:���݊-P�/�R�ȓ. As expected, access to irrigation (IRRIGATION) has found positively and significantly affected households’ livelihood diversification strategy into on-farm + off-farm at 1% level of significance. Multistage sampling technique was used in selecting the study sites and 485 sample respondents. The VIF for all the continuous variables were less than 10 and greater than one. ISSN 2277-8616. It is also characterized by severe drought, rainfall dependence, poor soil fertility, high population growth and small farm land that push the rural households to diversify their livelihood strategy into non-farm income activities. 2001;26(1):1–23. 0000131002 00000 n Eshetu F, Mekonnen E. Determinants of off farm income diversification and its effect on rural household poverty in Gamo Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia. 0000128996 00000 n 0000022911 00000 n This is already negatively impacting the food security of the smallholder farmers and may also be severely affecting the predicted rapid population growth in the future. livelihood diversification, and the role of women was found . Sociolinguistic theory. 0000054384 00000 n 3.2 Rural livelihoods diversification. 0000028544 00000 n It employed Logit Part of It is viewed as a general compromise made against high risk to favour low output and low risk, maximize their personal income and to guarantee smooth consumption expenditure [1, 6]. This is due to the fact that some of the household members are physically disabled and mentally disordered due to the past war between the current government of Ethiopia and the military regime of Derg; and also due to the Ethio-Eritrean war from 1998 to 2002 and other diseases in the study area. Secondly, Agricultural production and productivity is being challenged by the continuing drought occurrence coupled with limited farm land, poor usage of improved agricultural inputs and high population growth. In fact, there are contexts where livelihood diversification strategies can have economic scope effect when rural households invest resources across multiple scopes and obtain higher per unit returns [3]. Kassie GW, Aye G. The Nexus between livelihood diversification and farmland management strategies in rural Ethiopia. Chawanote C, Barrett C. Farm and non-farm occupational and earnings dynamics in rural Thailand. %�쏢 This micro-credit opportunity was successfully scaled to approximately 3,000 women farmers in 2019 and will be scaled further in 2020. Sch J Agric Sci. University of Otago. Rural livelihood diversification in West Bengal: determinants and constraints. Livelihood diversification is a process by which rural households construct a diverse portfolio of activities and social support capabilities in their struggle for survival and improvement in their standards of living [1] and the means of gaining a living [2]. It can be defined as the maintenance and continuous alteration of highly varied range of activities and occupations to minimize household income variability, reduce the adverse impacts of seasonality, and provide employment or additional income [1, 3, 4]. Khatun D, Roy B. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0214-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0214-0.

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