rhine river countries

In 1932 the German encyclopedia Knaurs Lexikon stated the length as 1,320 kilometres (820 miles), presumably a typographical error. Here, too, the river water is hardly mixed with the lake water. On other stretches, both sides are Swiss; in fact most of the canton of Schaffhausen is on the north bank. In the geologically recent past the main process distributing sediment across the delta has been the shifting of river channels to new locations on the floodplain (termed avulsion). The northern part forms the border between the German states of Rhineland-Palatinate in the west on the one hand, and Baden-Württemberg and Hesse on the other hand, in the east and north. The exception is the old city centre of Constance, on the Swiss side of the river. This meant that high tide formed a serious risk because strong tidal currents could tear huge areas of land into the sea. Are you sure you want to delete your score and checked items on this list? The Ruhr currently provides the region with drinking water. It belongs almost exclusively to the Swiss canton of Graubünden, ranging from Saint-Gotthard Massif in the west via one valley lying in Ticino and Italy in the south to the Flüela Pass in the east. The variants of the name of the Rhine in modern languages are all derived from the Gaulish name Rēnos, which was adapted in Roman-era geography (1st century BC) as Greek Ῥῆνος (Rhēnos), Latin Rhenus. The Albula draws its water mainly from the Landwasser with the Dischmabach as the largest source stream, but almost as much from the Gelgia, which comes down from the Julier Pass. The dominant economic sectors in the Middle Rhine area are viniculture and tourism. Today, the Upper Rhine area hosts many important manufacturing and service industries, particularly in the centers Basel, Strasbourg and Mannheim-Ludwigshafen. the Lower Rhine flows within Germany until, all parts of the Delta Rhein flows within the Netherlands until they enter the, This page was last edited on 4 January 2021, at 14:05. Two-thirds of the water flow volume of the Rhine flows farther west, through the Waal and then, via the Merwede and Nieuwe Merwede (De Biesbosch), merging with the Meuse, through the Hollands Diep and Haringvliet estuaries, into the North Sea. It is over 700 miles long, begins in the Swiss Alps and empties into the North Sea after flowing through the Netherlands. Discover 6 destinations in 4 countries on the Adventures by Disney Rhine River Cruise! At present, the branches Waal and Nederrijn-Lek discharge to the North Sea through the former Meuse estuary, near Rotterdam. During periods of lower sea levels within the various ice ages, the Rhine took a left turn, creating the Channel River, the course of which now lies below the English Channel. The last glacial ran from ~74,000 (BP = Before Present), until the end of the Pleistocene (~11,600 BP). However, this name is also used for the river delta where the Rhine flows into Lake Constance, so it is clearer to call the larger one Rhine-Meuse delta, or even Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta, as the Scheldt ends in the same delta. It includes the Austrian towns of Gaißau, Höchst and Fußach. At that time, it did not yet carry discharge from the Alps; instead, the watersheds of the Rhone and Danube drained the northern flanks of the Alps. A tundra, with Ice Age flora and fauna, stretched across middle Europe, from Asia to the Atlantic Ocean. The Germanic populations of these lands seem in Roman times to have been scanty, and Roman subjects from the modern Alsace-Lorraine had drifted across the river eastwards. While it was slightly modified during the Roman occupation, it was not until the emergence of engineers such as Johann Gottfried Tulla that significant modernization efforts changed the shape of the river. One of the most important cities in this region is Duisburg with the largest river port in Europe (Duisport). See how the Rhine, Main and Moselle river systems unfold to create a spellbinding display of storybook villages, Dutch windmills, German vineyards and Gothic cities. In Bonn, where the Sieg flows into the Rhine, the Rhine enters the North German Plain and turns into the Lower Rhine. A MESSAGE FROM TAUCK ABOUT COVID-19 (UPDATED JANUARY 14, 2021) Click for details. 2002. The High Rhine is characterized by numerous dams. As a result of increasing land clearance (Bronze Age agriculture), in the upland areas (central Germany), the sediment load of the Rhine has strongly increased[28] and delta growth has speeded up. Most of Luxembourg and a very small part of Belgium also drain to the Rhine via the Moselle. In Wesel, 30 km downstream of Duisburg, is located the western end of the second east–west shipping route, the Wesel-Datteln Canal, which runs parallel to the Lippe. About 7000–5000 BP, a general warming encouraged migration of all former ice-locked areas, including up the Danube and down the Rhine by peoples to the east. A small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of Mainau into Lake Überlingen. It rises in the Black Forest mountains of western Germany and flows for some 1,770 miles (2,850 km) to its mouth on the Black Sea. Its water has a darker color than the Rhine; the latter's lighter suspended load comes from higher up the mountains. From the Eocene onward, the ongoing Alpine orogeny caused a north-south rift system to develop in this zone. On the few remaining natural sections, there are still several rapids. This caused the Rhine's course to be diverted through the English Channel. The Mainz Basin ends in Bingen am Rhein; the Rhine continues as "Middle Rhine" into the Rhine Gorge in the Rhenish Slate Mountains. The Rhine became an important symbol in German nationalism during the formation of the German state in the 19th century (see Rhine romanticism). [15], In its lower course the Anterior Rhine flows through a gorge named Ruinaulta (Flims Rockslide). It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site (2002) and known as "the Romantic Rhine", with more than 40 castles and fortresses from the Middle Ages and many quaint and lovely country villages. From the death of Augustus in AD 14 until after AD 70, Rome accepted as her Germanic frontier the water-boundary of the Rhine and upper Danube. 2002. The Cadlimo Valley in the canton of Ticino is drained by the Reno di Medel, which crosses the geomorphologic Alpine main ridge from the south. The Rhine Falls are situated below Schaffhausen. Best cruises on the Rhine River The Rhine and the Danube formed most of the northern inland frontier of the Roman Empire and, since those days, the Rhine has been a vital navigable waterway carrying trade and goods deep inland. Seven Days to the River Rhine was a Warsaw Pact war plan for an invasion of Western Europe during the Cold War. There are more than 20,000 castles all over the country. The hydrography of the current delta is characterized by the delta's main arms, disconnected arms (Hollandse IJssel, Linge, Vecht, etc.) The river now flows north as Upper Rhine through the Upper Rhine Plain, which is about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide. Several microplates were caught in the squeeze and rotated or were pushed laterally, generating the individual features of Mediterranean geography: Iberia pushed up the Pyrenees; Italy, the Alps, and Anatolia, moving west, the mountains of Greece and the islands. In the centre of Basel, the first major city in the course of the stream, is located the "Rhine knee"; this is a major bend, where the overall direction of the Rhine changes from west to north. The river begins in Grisons, Switzerland, and its headwaters emerge from Lake Tomasee, which is considered the primary source of the Rhine. And the best place to start is the Moselle and Rhine River … Loops, oxbows, branches and islands were removed along the Upper Rhine so that there would be a present uniformity to the river. Near Sils the Posterior Rhine is joined by the Albula, from the east, from the Albula Pass region. By the time of the Miocene, a river system had developed in the Upper Rhine Graben, that continued northward and is considered the first Rhine river. 2002. [29] This has caused increased flooding and sedimentation, ending peat formation in the delta. The control of the Rhine from Basel to the Netherlands fell to the Germans in the Middle Ages. Northeastern France drains to the Rhine via the Moselle; smaller rivers drain the Vosges and Jura Mountains uplands. Lake Constance consists of three bodies of water: the Obersee ("upper lake"), the Untersee ("lower lake"), and a connecting stretch of the Rhine, called the Seerhein ("Lake Rhine"). No other river has so many world-renowned cities situated on its banks. This decreed that it would be occupied by the allies, until 1935 and after that, it would be a demilitarised zone, with the German army forbidden to enter. Once an integral cog in the industrial heritage of Europe, the Rhine now serves as the perfect river cruising destination. The cut-off Old Rhine at first formed a swamp landscape. Above this point is the extensive catchment of the headwaters of the Rhine. Sights and activities for the whole family complete the offer for visitors of one of the largest rivers in Europe. During this time, the lower Rhine flowed roughly west through the Netherlands and extended to the southwest, through the English Channel and finally, to the Atlantic Ocean. The watershed of the Rhine reaches into the Alps today, but it did not start out that way. Meltwater, adding to the ocean and land subsidence, drowned the former coasts of Europe transgressionally. Since that time, the Rhine has added the watershed above Lake Constance (Vorderrhein, Hinterrhein, Alpenrhein; captured from the Rhône), the upper reaches of the Main, beyond Schweinfurt and the Moselle in the Vosges Mountains, captured during the Saale Ice-age from the Meuse, to its watershed. Three more flows carry significant amounts of water: the Nieuwe Merwede ("New Merwede"), which branches off from the southern branch where it changes from Boven to Beneden Merwede; the Oude Maas ("Old Meuse"), which branches off from the southern branch where it changes from Beneden Merwede into Noord, and Dordtse Kil, which branches off from Oude Maas. The water then follows the northern shore until Hagnau am Bodensee. Man was already resident in the area when these events happened. The Rhine roughly forms the German-Swiss border from Lake Constance with the exceptions of the canton of Schaffhausen and parts of the cantons of Zürich and Basel-Stadt, until it turns north at the so-called Rhine knee at Basel, leaving Switzerland. What Does George Soros' Open Society Foundations Network Fund? Ernst's Insider Tips: All this time, the river flows – the Rhine in NRW. In the route the Rhine River makes from the Lake to the sea, its waters flow through the countries of Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, France and the Netherlands. The delta is delimited in the west by the Alter Rhein ("Old Rhine") and in the east by a modern canalized section. Major tributaries in this section are the Lahn and the Moselle. the Middle Rhine flows entirely within Germany. The compression and orogeny continue today, as shown by the ongoing raising of the mountains a small amount each year and the active volcanoes. This view is typified by Res Gestae Divi Augusti, a long public inscription of Augustus, in which he boasts of his exploits; including, sending an expeditionary fleet north of the Rheinmouth, to Old Saxony and Jutland, which he claimed no Roman had ever done before. Like the Upper Rhine, the Lower Rhine used to meander until engineering created a solid river bed. Learn how to create your own. Get a Quote Learn more. 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